•  Stevenson Research Group Students (since 2004)

 

 

•  Dr. Stevenson Research Interests

 

Prof. Stevenson has co-discovered several new nanomaterial compounds.  Created in a plasma using an electric-arc synthesis, these novel metallic nitride fullerenes, MNFs, nanomaterials (Figure 1) consist of a trimetallic nitride nanocluster entrapped within C68 (D3), C78 (D3h), and C80 (Ih) fullerene cages.  Although the structures represent scandium MNFs, the internal metal atoms can be replaced with other Group IIIB transition metals and most 4f-block rare earth elements such as Gd.  MNF nanomaterials are attracting interest for use in pharmaceutical and electronic application areas.

 

 

                        Figure 1.  Overview of fullerenes and metallic nitride fullerenes (MNFs).

 

 

Research Focus Areas

 

Dr. Stevenson’s research group is working in the following research areas:

 

  1. Nanomaterials Synthesis

 

  1. Chemical Reactivity Investigations

 

  1. Extraction and Separation Methodologies

 

  1. Structural Characterization

 

  1. Investigation of Properties

 

  1. Nanotechnology Applications

 

 

•  Publications

 

34.  Stevenson, S.; Stephen, R.R.; Amos, T.M.; Cadorette, V.R.; Reid, J.E.; Phillips, J.P. “Synthesis and Purification of a Metallic Nitride Fullerene BisAdduct:  Exploring the Reactivity of Gd3N@C80”, accepted to J. Am. Chem. Soc., (2005).

 

33.  Stevenson S., Phillips J.P., Reid J.E., Olmstead M.M., Pham D., and Balch A.L., “Pyramidalization of Gd3N inside a C80 Cage:  The Synthesis and Structure of Gd3N@C80,” Chem. Communications., (2004) 2814-2815.

 

32. Olmstead Marilyn M; Lee Hon Man; Duchamp James C; Stevenson Steven; Marciu Daniela; Dorn Harry C; Balch Alan L  Sc3N@C68: folded pentalene coordination in an endohedral fullerene that does not obey the isolated pentagon rule.    Angewandte Chemie (Intl. ed)  (2003),  42(8),  900-3.

 

31. Olmstead, Marilyn M.; Lee, Hon Man; Stevenson, Steve; Dorn, Harry C.; Balch, Alan L.  Crystallographic characterization of Isomer 2 of Er2C82 and comparison with Isomer 1 of Er2C82.    Chemical Communications (2002),(22), 2688-2689.

 

30. Ioffe, I. N.; Ievlev, A. S.; Boltalina, O. V.; Sidorov, L. N.; Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S.; Rice, G.  Electron affinity of some trimetallic nitride and conventional metallofullerenes.    International Journal of Mass Spectrometry  (2002),  213(2/3),  183-189.

 

29. Olmstead, Marilyn M.; de Bettencourt-Dias, Ana; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, Harry C.; Balch, Alan L.  Crystallographic characterization of the structure of the endohedral Fullerene {Er2@C82 Isomer I} with Cs cage symmetry and multiple sites for erbium along a band of ten contiguous hexagons.    J. Am. Chem. Soc.  (2002),  124(16),  4172-4173.

 

28. Ioffe, I. N.; Boltalina, O. V.; Ievlev, A. S.; Sidorov, L. N.; Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S.; Bolskar, R. D.  Ionization properties of endohedral fullerenes: Experimental and computational approaches.    Proceedings - Electrochemical Society  (2002),  2002-12(Fullerenes--Volume 12: The Exciting World of Nanocages and Nanotubes),  381-389.

 

27. Olmstead, M. M.; de Bettencourt-Dias, A.; Fisher, A. J.; Lee, H. M.; Balch, A. L.; Stevenson, S.; Rice, G.; Glass, T.; Harich, K.; Cromer, K. F.; Jordan, M. R.; Craft, J.; Hadju, E.; Bible, R.; Duchamp, J. C.; Marciu, D.; Iezzi, E. B.; Dorn, H. C.  Low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of endohedral fullerenes.    Proceedings - Electrochemical Society  (2002),  2002-12(Fullerenes--Volume 12: The Exciting World of Nanocages and Nanotubes),  344-350.

 

26. Stevenson, Steve; Lee, Hon Man; Olmstead, Marilyn M.; Kozikowski, Carrie; Stevenson, Paige; Balch, Alan L.  Preparation and crystallographic characterization of a new endohedral, Lu3N@C80•5(o-xylene), and comparison with Sc3N@C80•5(o-xylene).    Chemistry--A European Journal  (2002),  8(19),  4528-4535.

 

25. Dorn, H. C.; Iezzi, E. B.; Stevenson, Steve; Balch, A. L.; Duchamp, J. C.  Trimetallic nitride template (TNT) endohedral metallofullerenes.    Developments in Fullerene Science  (2002),  3(Endofullerenes),  121-131.

 

24. MacFarlane, R. M.; Bethune, D. S.; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C.  Fluorescence spectroscopy and emission lifetimes of Er3+ in ErxSc3-xN@C80 (x=1-3).    Chemical Physics Letters  (2001),  343(3,4),  229-234.

 

23. Olmstead, Marilyn M.; De Bettencourt-Dias, Ana; Duchamp, James C.; Stevenson, Steven; Marciu, Daniela; Dorn, Harry C.; Balch, Alan L.  Isolation and structural characterization of the endohedral fullerene Sc3N@C78.    Angewandte Chemie, Intl. Edition  (2001),  40(7),  1223-1225.

 

22. Stevenson, S.; Fowler, P. W.; Heine, T.; Duchamp, J. C.; Rice, G.; Glass, T.; Harich, K.; Hajdu, E.; Bible, R.; Dorn, H. C.  A stable non-classical metallofullerene family.    Nature (London)  (2000),  408(6811),  427-428.

 

21. Ioffe, I. N.; Boltalina, O. V.; Sidorov, L. N.; Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S.; Rice, G.  Ion-molecular equilibria involving scandium metallofullerenes.    Proceedings - Electrochemical Society  (2000),  2000-12(Fullerenes 2000-Volume 10: Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanomaterials),  166-172.

 

20. Olmstead, Marilyn M.; de Bettencourt-Dias, Ana; Duchamp, J. C.; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, Harry C.; Balch, Alan L.  Isolation and crystallographic characterization of ErSc2N@C80: an endohedral fullerene which crystallizes with remarkable internal order.    Journal of the American Chemical Society  (2000),  122(49),  12220-12226.

 

19. Anderson, M. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S. A..  Making connections between metallofullerenes and fullerenes: electrochemical investigations.    Carbon  (2000),  38(11-12),  1663-1670.

 

18. Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S.; Craft, J.; Cromer, F.; Duchamp, J.; Rice, G.; Glass, T.; Harich, K.; Fowler, P. W.; Heine, T.; Hajdu, E.; Bible, R.; Olmstead, M. M.; Maitra, K.; Fisher, A. J.; Balch, A. L.  The encapsulation of trimetallic nitride clusters in fullerene cages.    AIP Conference Proceedings  (2000),  544(Electronic Properties of Novel Materials--Molecular Nanostructures),  135-141.

 

17. Stevenson, S.; Rice, G.; Glass, T.; Harlch, K.; Cromer, F.; Jordan, M. R.; Craft, J.; Hadju, E.; Bible, R.; Olmstead, M. M.; Maltra, K.; Fisher, A. J.; Balch, A. L.; Dorn, H. C.  Small-bandgap endohedral metallofullerenes in high yield and purity.    Nature (London)  (1999),  401(6748),  55-57.

 

16. Stevenson, S.; Glass, T.; Dorn, H. C.  13C dynamic nuclear polarization: an alternative detector for recycled-flow NMR experiments.    Analytical Chemistry  (1998),  70(13),  2623-2628.

 

15. Heflin, J. R.; Marciu, D.; Figura, C.; Wang, S.; Burbank, P.; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C.  Enhanced nonlinear optical response of an endohedral metallofullerene through metal-to-cage charge transfer.    Applied Physics Letters  (1998),  72(22),  2788-2790.

 

14. Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S.; Burbank, P.; Harich, K.; Sun, Z.; Glass, T.; Anderson, M.; Bethune, D. S.; Sherwood, M.  Isolation and structure of Sc2@C74 and Sc2@C76.    Proceedings - Electrochemical Society  (1998),  98-8(Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials),  990-1002.

 

13. Stevenson, S.; Burbank, P.; Harich, K.; Sun, Z.; Dorn, H. C.; van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; deVries, M. S.; Salem, J. R.; Kiang, C.-H.; Johnson, R. D.; Bethune, D. S.  La2@C72: Metal-mediated stabilization of a carbon cage.    Journal of Physical Chemistry A  (1998),  102(17),  2833-2837.

 

12. Anderson, Mark R.; Dorn, Harry C.; Stevenson, Steven A.; Dana, Susanne M.  The voltammetry of C84 isomers.    Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry  (1998),  444(2),  151-154.

 

11. Grannan, S. M.; Birmingham, J. T.; Richards, P. L.; Bethune, D. S.; de Vries, M. S.; van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; Dorn, H. C.; Burbank, P.; Bailey, J.; Stevenson, S..  Far infrared transmittance of Sc2@C84 and Er2@C82.    Chemical Physics Letters  (1997),  264(3,4),  359-365.

 

10. Macfarlane, Roger M.; Wittmann, Georg; van Loosdrecht, Paul H. M.; de Vries, Mattanjah; Bethune, Donald S.; Stevenson, Steve; Dorn, Harry C.  Measurement of pair interactions and 1.5 micron emission from Er3+ ions in a C82 fullerene cage.    Physical Review Letters (1997), 79(7), 1397-1400.

 

9. Anderson, Mark R.; Dorn, Harry C.; Stevenson, Steven; Burbank, Paul M.; Gibson, James R.  The voltammetry of Sc3@C82.    Journal of the American Chemical Society (1997), 119(2),  437-438.

 

8. Heflin, J. R.; Marciu, D.; Figura, C.; Wang, S.; Burbank, P.; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C.; Withers, J. C.  Degenerate four-wave mixing in endohedral metallofullerenes and optical limiting of C60 derivatives and higher fullerenes.    Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (1996),  2854 (Fullerenes and Photonics III),  162-173.

 

7. Kiang, C.-H.; Van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; Beyers, R.; Salem, J. R.; Bethune, D. S.; Goddard, W. A., III; Dorn, H. C.; Burbank, P.; Stevenson, S..  Novel structures from arc-vaporized carbon and metals: single-layer carbon nanotubes and metallofullerenes.    Surface Review and Letters (1996), 3(1),  765-769.

 

6. Stevenson, Steven Alan.  Chromatography and purification of endohedral metallofullerenes.    Ph.D. dissertation (1995), 141 pp.

 

5. Dorn, H. C.; Stevenson, S.; Burbank, P.; Sun, Z.; Glass, T.; Harich, K.; Van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; Johnson, R. D.; Beyers, R.; et al.  Endohedral metallofullerenes: isolation and characterization.    Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995),  359(Science and Technology of Fullerene Materials), 123-35.

 

4. Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C.  13C dynamic nuclear polarization: A detector for continuous-flow, online chromatography.    Analytical Chemistry (1994), 66(19), 2993-9.

 

3. Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C.; Burbank, P.; Harich, K.; Haynes, J., Jr.; Kiang, C. H.; Salem, J. R.; DeVries, M. S.; van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; et al.  Automated HPLC separation of endohedral metallofullerene Sc@C2n and Y@C2n fractions.    Analytical Chemistry (1994), 66(17),  2675-9.

 

2. Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C.; Burbank, P.; Harich, K.; Sun, Z.; Kiang, C. H.; Salem, J. R.; DeVries, M. S.; van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; et al.  Isolation and monitoring of the endohedral metallofullerenes Y@C82 and Sc3@C82: online chromatographic separation with EPR detection.    Analytical Chemistry (1994), 66(17), 2680-5.

 

1. van Loosdrecht, P. H. M.; Johnson, R. D.; de Vries, M. S.; Kiang, C.-H.; Bethune, D. S.; Dorn, H. C.; Burbank, P.; Stevenson, S..  Orientational dynamics of the Sc3 trimer in C82: an EPR study.    Physical Review Letters (1994), 73(25),  3415-8.

 

•  Presentations

 

38.  Stevenson S., Yu H., Stephen R., Lavergne S., DuPont J., Dyess C., and Phillips P., “Generation of o-Quinodimethane Intermediates and their Reactivity with Metallic Nitride Fullerene (MNF) Trimetasphere Nanomaterials:  Synthesis and Isolation of [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction Products”,  Electrochemical Society, Quebec City, CA, May 15-20 (2005).

 

37.  Stevenson S., Yu H., Stephen R., Lavergne S., Dean I., DuPont J., and Dyess C., “Isolation and Functionalization of Metallic Nitride Fullerene Nanomaterials using o-Quinodimethane Diene Intermediates”, American Chemical Society – National Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 13-17 (2005).

 

36.  Stevenson S., Yu H., Stephen R., Lavergne S., Dean I., DuPont J., and Dyess C., “Organic Synthesis and Chromatographic Separation of [4+2]Cycloaddition Reactions Products from Metallic Nitride Fullerene (MNF) Nanomaterials”, Mississippi Academy of Sciences, Vol. 50, No. 1, p. 59 (2005).

 

35.  Stevenson S., “Metallic Nitride Nanomaterials,” Mississippi University for Women, Invited Seminar, November 10 (2004).

 

34.  Stevenson S., “Exploring the Wonders of Metallic Nitride Fullerene Nanomaterials,” Alcorn State University, Invited Seminar, November 4 (2004).

 

33.  Stevenson S., Dyess C., and Dupont J., “Organic Synthesis of Metallic Nitride Fullerene Derivatives,” INSPIRE Conference – Spotlight on Excellence in Undergraduate Research, October 16-17 (2004).

 

32.  Stevenson S., Dupont J., and Dyess C., “Nanomaterials and HPLC,” INSPIRE Conference – Spotlight on Excellence in Undergraduate Research, October 16-17 (2004).

 

31.  S. Stevenson, “Metallic Nitride NanoClusters in Carbon Cages – Properties and Applications,” Clemson University, Invited Seminar, August (2003).

 

30.  Balch, M. Olmstead, H. Dorn, H.M. Lee, S. Stevenson, “Crystallographic Studies of Fullerene Supramolecular Structures,” 203rd Meeting, Electrochemical Society - Paris, France, April 27-May 2 (2003).

 

29.  I.N. Ioffe, O.V. Boltalina, A.S. Ievlev, L.N. Sidorov, R.D. Bolskar, S. Stevenson, H.C. Dorn, “Ionization Properties of Endohedral Fullerenes: Experimental and Computational Approaches,” 201st Meeting, Electrochemical Society - Philadelphia, PA, May 12-17 (2002).

 

28.  Balch, M. Olmstead, H.M. Lee, S. Stevenson, H. Dorn, “Crystallographic Investigations of Endohedral Structures,” 201st Meeting, Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, PA, May 12-17 (2002).

 

27.  Steven Stevenson (Luna Innovations), “The Development of Fullerene Materials,” Invited talk to Nanomaterials Symposium (Small Businesses Move to Nanotechnology), National Science Foundation, Arlington VA, March 20-21 (2002).

 

26.  Alan Balch, Marilyn M. Olmstead, Ana de Bettencourt-Dias, Pam Lord, Harry C. Dorn, Steve Stevenson, Glenn Miller, “Crystallogrphic Studies of Endohedral Fullerenes, Fullerene/Porphyrin Co-crystals and Fullerene Dimers,” Materials Research Society Symposium, April 17 (2001).

 

25.  M. Olmstead, A. de Bettencourt-Dias, A. Balch, S. Stevenson, J. Duchamp, H. Dorn, “Structural Studies of Sc2ErN@C80, Sc3N@C78, and Related Endohedrals,” 199th Meeting, Electrochemical Society, Washington DC, March 26 (2001).

 

24.  H. C.  Dorn, Steven Stevenson, Sang Choi, "Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Fullerene NanoSpheres Filled with Trimetallic Nitride Clusters: A3N@C80," NanoSpace 2001 - Exploring Interdisciplinary Frontiers, The Fourth Annual International Conference on Integrated Nano/Microtechnology for Space and Biomedical Applications, March 13th (2001).

 

23.  S. Stevenson, C. Kozikowski, Mike Miller (Luna NanoMaterials), “Production of Purified TNT Endohedrals,” The 1st Georgia Tech Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, by The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, October 16-18 (2000).

 

22.  A. Balch, A. de Betterncourt Dias, M. Olmstead, H. Dorn and S. Stevenson, “Crystallographic Studies of Endohedral Fullerenes: Order and Disorder in ErSc2N@C80,” 197th Meeting, Electrochemical Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 14-18 (2000).

 

21.  H.C. Dorn, G. Rice, P. Burbank, J. Craft, Z. Sun, T. Glass, K. Harich, F. Cromer, M.R. Jordan, E. Hadju, R. Bible, M. Anderson, and S. Stevenson, “ScxEr3-xN@C80: A new family of trimetallic nitride clusters encapsulated in icosahedron cages,” ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, August (1999).

 

20.  Dorn HC, Stevenson S, Burbank P, Harich K, Sun Z, Glass T, Anderson M, Bethune DS, Sherwood M, “Isolation and structure of Sc2@C74 and Sc2@C76,” Electrochemical Society (1998).

 

19.  J.R. Heflin, D. Marciu, C. Figura, S. Wang, P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, and H.C. Dorn, “Enhanced Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing in an Endohedral Metallofullerene through Metal-to-Cage Transfer, Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications,” Optical Society of America Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, October (1997).    

 

18.  H.C. Dorn, S. Stevenson, P. Burbank, K. Harich, M. Sherwood, and D.S. Bethune “Isolation and Structure of Sc2@C74,” Southeast Regional ACS Meeting, Roanoke, VA, October (1997).

 

17.  J.R. Heflin, D. Marciu, C. Figura, S. Wang, P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, and H.C. Dorn “Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Response of an Endohedral Metallofullerene through Metal-to-Cage Charge Transfer,” Quantum Electronics and Laser Science ’97, Baltimore, MD, May (1997).

 

16.  S. Stevenson, “Production, Separation, and Isolation of Metal Encapsulated Fullerenes,” American Chemical Society of East Texas Regional Meeting, Stephen F. Austin State University, September (1996).

 

15.  S. Stevenson, “Isolation, Purification, and Structure of Buckminsterfullerenes,” Fall Seminar Series, Stephen F. Austin State University, September (1996).

 

14.  J.R. Heflin, D. Marciu, C. Figura, S. Wang, P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, H.C. Dorn, and J.C. Withers, “Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing in Endohedral Metallofullerenes and Optical Limiting of C60 Derivatives and Higher Fullerenes,” Fullerenes and Photonics III Conference at SPIE International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, Denver, CO, August (1996).

 

13.  H.C. Dorn, P. Burbank, T. Glass, Z. Sun, K. Harich, J.R. Heflin, S. Stevenson, M.S. de Vries, P.H.M. van Loosdrecht, and D.S. Bethune, “Isolation and Characterization of New Endohedral Metallofullerenes,” Fullerenes '96, The Second International Interdisciplinary Colloquium on the Science and Technology of the Fullerenes, Oxford, UK, July (1996).

 

12.  D.S. Bethune, M.S. de Vries, R. Macfarlane, G. Wittman (IBM, Almaden), S. Grannan, J. Birmingham, P. Richards (UC Berkeley), S. Stevenson, T. Glass, P. Burbank, Z. Sun, H.C. Dorn (Virginia Tech), “Spectroscopic Characterization of Metallofullerenes,” APS meeting, March (1996).

 

11.  D.S. Bethune, M.S. de Vries, P.H.M. van Loosdrecht, R. Macfarlane, G. Wittmar, S. Stevenson, T. Glass, P. Burbank, Z. Sun, H.C. Dorn, S. Grannan, J. Birmingham, and P. Richards, “Fluorescence Emission and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Metallofullerenes,” Western Spectroscopy Meeting, February (1996).

 

10.  D.S. Bethune, M.S. de Vries, R. Macfarlane, G. Wittmann, P.H.M. van Loosdrecht, S. Grannan, J. Birmingham, P. Richards, S. Stevenson, T. Glass, P. Burbank, Z. Sun, and H.C. Dorn, “Fluorescence, Far-IR and NMR Spectroscopy of Metallofullerenes,” Electrochemical Society, Los Angeles, CA, (1996).

 

9.  M.J. Gurdziel, P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, D.S. Bethune, and H.C. Dorn, “Solubility Studies of Endohedral Metallofullerenes in Organic Solvents,” ACS Regional Meeting, Memphis, TN, Nov. (1995).

 

8.  P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, M.J. Gurdziel, K. Harich D.S. Bethune, M.S. deVries, and H.C. Dorn, “Isolation and Characterization of Tmm@C2n Endohedral Metallofullerenes,” ACS Regional Meeting, Memphis, TN, Nov. (1995).

 

7.  S. Stevenson, P. Burbank, K. Harich, H.C. Dorn, M.S. deVries, and D.S. Bethune, “On-Line Chromatographic Separation with EPR Detection of Endohedral Metallofullerenes,” ACS Regional Meeting, Memphis, TN, Nov. (1995).

 

6.  S. Stevenson, P. Burbank, K. Harich, Z. Sun, H.C. Dorn, M.S. deVries, P.H.M. van Loosdrecht, and D.S. Bethune, “Isolation and Characterization of the Endohedral Metallofullerene, La2@C72,” ACS Regional Meeting, Memphis, TN, Nov. (1995).

 

5.  D.S Bethune, P.H.M. van Loosdrecht, C.H. Kiang, R. Beyers, J.R. Salem, M.S. deVries, R.D. Johnson, P. Burbank, T. Glass, S. Stevenson, Z. Sun, and H.C. Dorn, “Production and Characterization of Di-Lanthanum and Erbium Endohedral Fullerenes,” Materials Research Society, Fall (1994). 

 

4.  S. Stevenson, “HPLC-EPR and Isolation of Metallofullerenes,” Ph.D. Seminar, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, Oct. (1994).

 

3.  P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, H.C. Dorn, “An Automated HPLC System for Preparative Separations of Encapsulated Endohedral Metallofullerenes,” ACS Meeting-in-Miniature, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, Nov. (1993).

 

2.  S. Stevenson, P. Burbank, H.C. Dorn, “On-Line Chromatographic EPR Detection (HPLC-EPR) of the Endohedral Metallofullerenes, Y@C82 and Sc3@C82,” ACS Meeting-in Miniature, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, Nov. (1993).

 

1.  S. Stevenson, “HPLC-13C DNP (NMR),” M.S. Seminar, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, Oct. (1992).